1. cost n .[U] 费用，代价
对于许多父母来说,两份薪水支付上学的费用是很基本的.For many parents, two salaries are essential to cover the cost of (= pay for) school fees.
v .[T] cost, cost "How much does this book cost (= What is the price of this book)?"
costly : adj. expensive: 昂贵的
2 cover
v.①.采访，报道She covered the outbreak of bird flu in Viet Nam. 她在越南采访有关禽流感暴发事件。
②. 掩饰，隐藏She laughed to cover her anxiety.她试图以笑来掩饰她的焦虑。
③（不用被动语态）行过（路程），学过We covered about 30 miles a day.我们每天大约走三十英里。
④（钱）足够付Is the money enough to cover the tuition?这笔钱付学费够吗？
3 eager adj.渴望的，be eager for sth. 热切/渴望He was eager for success.
be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
eager anxious 都有“渴望”之意，Eager带有更多的热切、兴奋的情绪。Anxious带有更多的焦虑的心情。
4 case 事实，实情，情况,事例，实例
in case 以防；可能；in case of 如果；万一
in that/this case 在那样/这种情况下 in no case 决不
▲注意：in case 的从句常用一般现在时表示将来，或should +do.
1.________ fire, ring the alarm bell. 2.__________ he comes, let me know.
3.__________ should the bird flu be spread.
4.It might rain tomorrow. _________ we will have to put off the sports meet until next Friday
In case of In case In no case In that case
5 look forward to :
她盼望着再次看到她的孙子孙女们. She was looking forward to seeing the grandchildren again.
6 experienced adj. 有经验的，熟练的，
be experienced at/ in 在某方面熟练He is very experienced in/ at repairing cars.
7 avoid(避免) doing sth. deny(否认) doing sth. Admit(承认) doing sth.
8 so as to 与 in order to
so as to 只能放在主句后．in order to 可放在主句前，也可放在主句后．
9 accuse, charge, blame 词义辨析
accuse （指控 ）sb. of ( doing ) sth. charge ( 指控 ）sb. with ( doing ) sth.
accuse ( 指责 ）sb. of (doing ) sth. blame （ 责备 ）sb. for ( doing ) sth.
10 Practice相关短语或表达：
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 put sth. into practice 把…付诸于实践
practise doing sth. in practice 在实践中 out of practice疏于练习
11 life-style n. way of life 生活方式eg: He and his brother have quite different life-styles.
12 regular adj. 有规律的,定期的regularly adv.
13 in the long term 就长期而言in the short term就短期而言
就长期而言，这件事是值得做的。It is worth doing in the long term.
14 skip vt.跳过,略过We skipped science class again.我们又一次逃了自然科学课
15 Control vt.&n.控制,管理,调节
我们大家都要学会控制自己.All of us should learn to control ourselves.
lose control of sth. get sth. under control out of control
16 take in （1）吸收，吸入（2）了解，理解，领会
17 This is how the story goes. go:流通，流传
The story goes that….据说 An old saying goes 有一句俗话
18 be supposed to do sth.表示主语被要求做某事，含有必须、应该或理应做某事之意．
be supposed to 的不定式可以有完成式，表示应该做而未做的事．
He is supposed to have come to the meeting now.
他本该现在已到了（但他没来）．
1.Anne couldn’t concentrate ___ what she was doing while her family were watching TV.
A. to B. on C. for D. in
2. It might rain tomorrow, ____ we will have to put off the sports meet until next Friday.
A. in case B. if possible C. in which case D. in that case
3. The train ____ arrive at 1:30, but it was an hour late.
A. was about to B. was likely to C. was certain to D. was supposed to
4.____disturb his sleeping father, Tom tiptoed into his room.
A. So as not to B. In order not to C. So that not D. In order that not
5. Jane was painting the bells and ___ Pat was watching TV.
A. at eh meanwhile B. meanwhile C. when D. while
6. During summer holidays, I always take up gardening as my _____ to pass my time.
A. occupation B. business C. profession D. employment
BCDBBA
语法部分：
Ⅰ带to doing的常用结构
1. 动词+介词to+动名词
（1）admit to doing sth 承认做了某事
(2) apply to doing sth 适用于做某事
(3) object to doing sth 反对做某事
(4) see to doing sth 负责做某事
(5) stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
(6) take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事
2. 动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
(1) apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事
(2) devote sth / oneself to doing sth 把…献给 / 献身于做某事
(3) limit sth to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内
(4) reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
(5) give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事
(6) pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
(7) set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事
(8) addict oneself to doing 沉溺于做某事
3. be +形容词+介词to+动名词
be equal to doing sth 能胜任做某事
be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
be reduced to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
be devoted to doing sth 献身、致力于做某事
be limited to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内
ⅡSo +助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 表示上述肯定情况也适用于该主语。
I was at Center School last year. So was my friend Bob.去年我在中心学校，我朋友鲍勃也是。
I have seen the film twice; so has my sister.这部电影我已经看过两遍，我姐姐也是。
相关链接：
1.Neither/ Nor +助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 表示上述否定情况也适用于该句主语。
2.It is the same with +名词/代词宾格 So it is with +名词/代词宾格
表示上述混合情况（肯定和否定的混合没有统一的助动词）也适用于该句主语。
3.So + 主语+ 助动词/系动词/情态动词 表示对上述情况的赞同或证实，前后主语一致。
4.主语+动词+so 主语做了前文所述的事情。
▲ a good amount of “许多，大量”，修饰不可数名词。
1) a good / great many
a large/ great / good number of
a good few / quiet a few +可数名词复数（作主语时谓语动词用复数）
2) many a/ an +单数可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词用单数）
3) a great/ good deal of
a good/ large amount of +不可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词用单数）
4）a lot of=lots of
plenty of +可数名词复数或不可数名词（作主语时谓语动词根据名词确定
a large great quantity of
large quantities of +可数名词复数（作主语时谓语动词用复数）或不可数（作主语时谓语动词由quantity的单复数决定）
过去分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致.
(1) 作状语：
分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语保持一致的情况下，如果分词和句子的主语之间在逻辑上是
被动关系，用过去分词，否则用现在分词。分词短语也可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种结构
称为独立主格结构。分词作状语可以相当于一个状语从句。现在分词的被动式，习惯上不
作伴随状语。注意比较下面的句子：
Seen from the space, the earth looks blue. = When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.
Kept in refrigerator, these vegetables willremain fresh.
= If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.= When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
2) 作表语：
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，-ed形式常和人有关，-ing形式常和物有关。look, expression等词作主语时常用-ed形式作表语，但有时要看具体情况。请在下面的几组句中体会他们的区别
The news was very exciting. I was excited at it..
The book is interesting. He is interested in it
The question is puzzling. His look is puzzled.
His expression was frightening. I was frightened
delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的
satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的
tiring令人疲倦的- tired感到疲倦的
boring 令人厌烦的-bored 感到厌烦的
(3) 作定语：过去分词做定语与其修饰词
之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作
已完成；现在分词作定语表示
u The picture hanging on the wall is painted
by my nephew.
The building being built is a hospital.
u The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic
garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature
u Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing
and Mining Company, known as 3M.
u The key to solving the problem is to meet the
demand made by the customers.
u Prices of daily goods bought through a
computer can be lower than store prices.
便于记忆-ed形式和-ing形式作表语及作
定语时的区别的句子：
I am interested in the interesting book.
He was excited at the exciting news.
The parents were disappointed about their disappointing son.
Mr. Smith, tired of the boring speech, started to read a novel.
(4)作补语：
跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find,feel, leave, make, want, start,
notice, observe, watch, set等。在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑
上的动宾关系。
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself heard
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
Just now I caught him stealing things from the supermarket.
Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents worried.
NOTE:非谓语动词使用条件: 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。并非分词的逻辑主语都要和句子的主语一致。此时的分词短语又可称为垂悬状语。有些动词不定式也可以这样运用。常见的这种情况有：
Strictly speaking, smoking is not allowed here
Judging from what he said, he is a southerner
Taken as a whole, there is nothing important in his speech.
To tell you the truth, I don’t like English teacher
To speak frankly, I don’t agree with you about the case.
1--- What’s the language _______ in New Zealand?
- Speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
2. The car _______ in Germany in the 1960s looks old now.
- produced B. producing C. to produce D. which produced
3. --- You’d better have your sports jacket _____. It’s too dirty.
--- Thanks. I will.
A. to wash B. washed C. washing D. wash
4. Yesterday I heard a story _______ by my friend.
.A told B. telling C. to tell D. tell
5. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _____as the plane was making a landing.
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
6. _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
7. Generally speaking, when _____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
- taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
8. The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out
in the 16th century.
- having been written B. to be written C. being written D. written
9. Is this the watch you wish _____?
A. to have repaired B. to repair it C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired
10. _____ many times, but he still couldn't understand it.
A Having been told B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having told
BABAC CBDAC
链接高考
1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year. （2000全国）
A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
2. ________ the general state of his health it may take him a while to recover from the
operation. （2000北京春季）
- Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
3. As we joined the big crowd I got _________from my friends. （01全国）
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
4. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when___ at the meeting by my boss. （04全国IV）
A. questioning B. have questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
5. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You've had it____ often enough. （05天津卷）
- explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
6. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.
（02全国）
Ａ．begins Ｂ．having begun Ｃ．Beginning Ｄ．begun
7. ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local
police (05江苏卷)
- Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
8. ______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （05湖南卷）
- Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
9._____ time, he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. （03北京）
- Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
10. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well . （05湖北卷）
A．to spend B．spent C．being spent D．spending
11. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents （04重庆）
- worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
12.A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night. （04江苏）
- advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted
13. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses ___vacation to China. (05北京卷)
- paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid
14. ______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and
heating supply breakdowns. （05上海卷）
- Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
15. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. （04广西）
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
16.ith the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all （04湖北）
A．Compare B．When comparing C．Comparing D．When compared
17___by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days
on the farm . （04辽宁）
A．Attracting B．Attracted C．To be attracted D．Having attracted
18. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.（04全国II）
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
19. The disc, digitally _____ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night(04上海）
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
20. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to __ before the party.（04全国I）
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
21. ____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006全国)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
DACCD DBADB ACBAD DBBAA B