巧用时间数轴 理解英语时态
几个基本概念
时态（Tense）
我们知道，英语动词时态是一个语法范畴，它是用来体现、描述动作发生时间的动词形式,。英语动词中有两“时”（Tense）、两“体”(Aspect)、两“态”(Voice)之说；两“时”即是指现在时(Present Tense)和过去时(Past Tense)。据此我们可以将英语语法中的八种基本时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般（现在）将来时、现在完成时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时分为两大类：现在时态和过去时态，每一类各包括四种具体的时态。
现在时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时、现在完成时
过去时态：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时
时间轴（Time Axis）
根据不同时态所体现的时间特点，我们可以借助数学中的数轴将不同的时间点或时间段形象化到一条特殊的数轴上，可以称它为：时间轴。就像数轴描点一样，我们也可以将时间轴分为三个区分点：过去（Past）、现在（Now）和 将来（Future），而“Past”又可以细分为“Ago”（相对于“Now”的过去时间）和“Before”（相对于“Ago”的过去时间，即过去的过去）两个小的时间点，这样我们就可以对各种不同的时间点或时间段有了很形象、很直观的把握和了解，如下图所示：
图1的时间轴很形象地表示出四个不同的时间区分点，正好与各种不同时态所体现的时间相对应，而且每一种时态都可以用上述时间轴来描述或表示。现试举几例：
实例讲解
我们先看四种现在时态：
例一：一般现在时（Simple Present）
我们知道，一般现在时有以下几种常见的用法：
1）表示现在经常性的动作；
2）表示现在的情况或状态；
3）表示不受时限的客观事实或真理（实际上这些客观真理或事实都是人们以“现在”（Now）的观点或标准来做出评判的，它们仍然是人们在“现在”这个时间段里所理解、所认识的客观世界）。
这三种用法有一个共同点，即：它们的时间不涉及到过去（Past）和将来（Future），动作也不与进行体（Progressive Aspect）或完成体(Perfective Aspect)相关，只表示现在(Now)。那么在时间轴上如何理解它们？见下图：
从图2可以看出一般现在时是以“现在”（Now）的时间为基点的，我们用双线实心箭头表示一般现在时的动作特点：习惯性、现实性、客观性。
e.g. 1）He often plays football on weekends. 2）I am a teacher and he is a student.
3） The earth is bigger than the moon.
例二：一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）
下面我们再看一般将来时：它表示将要或计划要发生的事，它的基点时间也是“现在”（时间轴上的“Now”点），但它的动作实际发生的时间应该是“将来”（时间轴上的“Future”点）。由于它的动作相对于“现在”来说，还没有发生，在时间轴上我们就用虚线箭头来表示，如图：
e.g.
1. He will go to Beijing next week.
2. I am going to be a teacher (when I grow up).
例三：现在进行时（Present Progressive Aspect）
现在进行时更好理解：它表示现在正在进行的动作或现阶段一直持续的状态。现在进行时的基点时间仍为“现在”（now），但它与一般现在时的动作不同：它的动作特点是进行性或持续性，我们用稍长的单实线表示：
e.g.:
1. I am writing a composition.
2. My brother is playing soccer.
例四：现在完成时（Present Perfective Aspect）
最后，我们来看现在完成时,一般来说它有三种用法：
1) 表示一个已经发生但对现在情况有影响的动作:
e.g.: He has gone to town. (说明他现在不在这儿。)
2) 表示从过去某时（ago）到现在（now）这段时间发生的事；
e.g.： We have learned 800 words this term.
3) 表示一个由过去某时（ago）持续到现在（now）的动作状态。
e.g. I have lived here for four years.
无论哪种用法，其基点时间都是“现在”（now），而且动作特点为阶段性、持续性。在时间轴上我们用实弧线箭头表示，而且该弧线有起点（ago）和终点（now），可以理解为它是一条表示时间的实线段。如图：
同时，用实线段表示完成时，更有利于理解：为什么在表示某一动作的持续性时,我们不用非延续性动词（即短暂性动词），而用相应的延续性动词？因为完成体的动作特点为阶段性、持续性，它所体现的时间只能用段时间(从Ago到Now)来表示，而不能用点时间(Ago或Now)来表示。
如：come/go—be, borrow/lend—keep等。e.g.
1) Tom has come here for three days. 应改为: Tom has been here for three days.
2) I have borrowed the book for three months. 应改为：I have kept the book for three months.
以上四种基本的现在时态，为了便于从总体上来比较、理解这四种现在时态，我们把这四种时态所在的时间轴放在一起，如下图：
综合上述四条时间轴，不难看出这四种时态的共同点：现在时态的基点时间都是“现在”（Now），它们的动作都与现在时间有关，这一点刚好与前面所提到过的“两时”中的“现在时”相吻合。
过去时态（Past Tense）
掌握好上述四种现在时态以后，我们就很容易理解另外四种过去时态（Past Tense）。事实上，每一种过去时态都与一种现在时态相对应，只是他们的基点时间不同，动作所发生的时间也不同，然而每一种过去时态和与之相对应的现在时态之间还是有一定的联系的：事实上，我们只需将现在时态中每一种时态的基点时间“现在”（Now）改为相应的“过去”时间（Ago），就可以得到相应的过去时态：
① 一般现在时 → 一般过去时 ② 现在进行时 → 过去进行时
③ 一般（现在）将来时 → 过去将来时 ④ 现在完成时 → 过去完成时
如果我们用时间轴来表示这一关系，则更容易理解：在时间轴上，我们只需借用数学中的平移方法，将四种现在时态的箭头图标分别向左平移一个单位时间，即由“现在”（Now）基点平移到“过去”（Ago）基点，其它的图标位置都不变，这样我们就可以得到以过去时间（Ago）为基点时间的过去时态，具体图形变化如下：
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上述时间的平移实际上就是把现在的时间改为过去的时间，这一平移过程为我们理解、记忆各种时态的构成提供了一定的启示和帮助：由于现在时态的动作的基点时间是“现在”（Now），因此我们可以总结出：现在时态构成中的第一动词用动词的原形，即：V-原，（当主语为第三人称单数时，第一动词用相应的单数形式，即：V-s）；同样，由于过去时态的动作的基点时间是“过去”（Ago），所以过去时态的构成中第一动词应该用动词的过去式，即：V- ed。
简而言之，我们只需将现在时态中第一动词由原形改为相应的过去式，就得到了过去时态的构成！（详见下表）
如此一来，我们只要熟练掌握了四种现在时态的用法和构成，那么其余四种过去时态就很容易理解和记忆了：只需将现在时态中的第一动词改为相应的过去式即可。
下面试举几例予以说明：
e.g. Tom _________ (clean) his room at the time yesterday <1>
分析：我们先看看一个与此句相似的更简单的句子：
Tom __________ (clean) his room now. <2 >
对于句<2>， 我们很容易理解，从now便可知道该句是现在进行时，所以横线处应该填：is cleaning。然后再比较句<1>和句<2>，句<1>中有at the time yesterday，从at the time 可以知道句<1>是进行体；而从yesterday则可以推出句<1>是过去时态；再根据时间轴，我们只需将句<2>中的第一动词“is”改为相应的过去式“was”，就得到了句<1>的正确答案：was cleaning.
eg.2. I _____ (have) never been to Shanghai by now. <1>
I _____ (have) never been to Shanghai by the end of 2001. <2 >
分析：句<1>和句<2>结构很相似，只是具体动作所体现的时间不同：by now和by the end of 2001，句<1>中by now很容易理解，为现在完成时，所以用动词（have）的原形have。句<2>中2001是表示“过去” （ago）的一个时间，而by the end of 2001则是表示截止到2001年底之前的一段时间，即“过去”（Ago）的“过去”（Before），所以它应该是过去时态，根据上述时间轴的特点，我们只需将句<1>中的第一动词（have）改为过去式had.即可。
时态（一）
时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。在这里，我们重点讲解一下最常见的11种时态的用法和注意事项。
1. 一般现在时
1) 用法：
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
例：If it ______ too much trouble, I'd love a cup of tea.
A) isn't B) wasn't C) weren't D) hadn't been
本句是日常生活中常用的口语。I'd是I would的缩写，表示一种委婉语气。全句的意思是：“要是不太麻烦的话，我想要一杯茶”。答案是A)。很多考生误选了C) weren't。if it weren't是虚拟语气现在时，表示与现在事实相反的情况。本句说话人认为要一杯茶并不是很麻烦的事，只是说的委婉一些，因此不应该用虚拟语气。选项B) wasn't 或D) hadn't been都和主句发生的时间不符，所以是错误的。
B) 习惯用语
例：_________ it or not, his discovery had created a stir in scientific circles.
A) Believe B) Believing C) To believe D) Believed
口语中常说believe it or not，意思是：“信不信由你”，“我说的是真的”。believe it or not是一个固定说法，相当一个插入语，短语中的believe没有词形变化。因此答案是A) Believe。
C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）
D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。
例：Once environmental damage __________, it takes many years for the system to recover.
A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done
本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。所以本题答案是D) is done。其它选项都是主动语态，所以都是错误的。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. （下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事情。
例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）
G) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
H) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事情。
例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）
例：Government cannot operate effectively _____ it is free from such interference.
A) so long as B) so that C) unless D) because
这是一个条件状语从句，全句的意思是："政府无法有效地运作，除非它不受这种干扰"。答案是C。
2. 现在进行时(be doing) 的用法
例：The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now.
A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed
题中develop 和perfect是并列的两各位与动词，动词perfect只能做及物动词用，因此在本句中应为被动语态，与之并列作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。此外，句中时间状语now表示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作。由此可见，答案是C) are being developed。全句的意思是："具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中"。
3. 现在完成时(have done)
1) 用法：
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
答案是C) haven't sold。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging
全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。
C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）
2) 注意事项
A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.
他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.
他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。
例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）
4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
1) 用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.
到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。
2) 注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
例：It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking
从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。
时态（二）
5. 一般过去时
1) 用法：
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
例：I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A) finish what I did B) finished what I did
C) would finish what I was doing D) finished what I was doing
结合四个选项来看，全句的意思是：“我决定一做完手头的工作就去图书馆”。本题首先要判断的是as soon as（一……就）引出的时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态。从句中的动作“做完手头的工作”是预计将要发生的动作，而去句的谓语动词用的是过去时（decided）。在这种场合，从句中通常用一般过去时，而不用过去将来时。所以选项A和C不可能是答案。句子指的是“完成正在做的工作”，do要用进行式。因此选项D才是答案。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。
例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）
He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）
C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）
Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）
2) 注意事项：
A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。
6. 过去完成时(had done)
1) 用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
例：Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。
2) 注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）
分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是”开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。
时态（三）
7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
1) 用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）
I thought he would not attend that evening party.（我认为他不会去参加那个晚会。）
2) 注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
1) 用法：
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）
2) 注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。
9. 一般将来时
1) 用法：
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。
例：Turn on the television or open magazine and you ____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A) are often seeing B) often see C) will often see D) have often seen
本题连接词and前面的分句表示一种条件，and后面的分句表示一种结果。全句的意思是：“你一打开电视机或翻开杂志，常常会看到显示幸福、和睦家庭的各种广告”。在这种用法中，and前面部分通常是祈使句，and后面的句子用将来时，表示“会”。所以，答案是选项C) will often see。
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.
我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。
C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。
例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。
E) "be to do"的5种用法：
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）
b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。
c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）
例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）
d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。
例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to
will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）
例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _______ avoided.
A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）
例：I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
2) 注意事项：
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。
例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
1) 用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。
例：This time tomorrow you ________ there doing some more exercises.
A) will sit B) will be sitting C) sit D) shall sit
答案是B)。因为this time tomorrow是个很具体的将来时间。
2) 注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。
11. 将来完成时(will have done)
1) 用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例：The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
例： It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10%.
A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising
根据by the end of this month可知，答案为A) will have risen。全句意思是“据报道，到本月底该厂的水泥产量可提高到大约10%”。
2) 注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
英语中的时态用法比较
在英语中, 时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面笔者通过几种时态比较, 帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。
1. 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）
Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）
Where have you been?(去了哪）
2. 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）
He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）
What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name.
I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late.
Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9）I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果）
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)
I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与过去一般时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）
I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）
Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4. 过去完成时与过去一般时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)
Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与过去一般时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死)
The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you.
I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很久了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 将来一般时与现在进行时
1) Will he come?
Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 现在一般时与过去一般式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
He has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
To the top(回页首)
现在完成时
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1． 现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2． 强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3． 刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4． 从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5． 从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6． 对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing （去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法
时态语态单项选择
1 Here _____the bus!
A is coming B comes C has come D has been coming
2 It's the third time I ______him this month.
A had seen B see C saw D have seen
3 If you go to the western suburbs of the city , you ___a lot of new buildings .
A will see B have seen C see D are going to see
4 ---- I have bought an English -Chinese dictionary.
---- When and where ___you__ _it?
A do buy B did buy C have bought D had bought
5 She showed him the photo she __the day before.
A has taken B took C was taking D had taken
6 While Tom ___, his sister is writing.
A reads B has read C has been reading D is reading
7 By the time he was ten, Edison _____experiments in chemistry.
A had already done B already had done C was already doing D already did
8 I don’t know if it _____or not tomorrow.
A will snow B snows C has snowed D is snowing
9 He was sixty-eight. In two years he _____seventy.
A was going to be B would be C had been D will be
10 Tom ___for more than a week.
A has left B has gone away C went away D has been away
11 He said that honesty _____the key to success.
A was B will be C is D is being
12 She _____in London till nest Monday.
A will have stayed B has stayed C is staying D has been staying
13 We _____each other since I left Shanghai.
A haven't seen B hadn't seen C didn't see D wouldn't see
14 I'll return the book to the library as soon as I_ __it .
A will finish B am going to finish C finished D have finished
15 She has bought some cloth, she ____herself a dress.
A makes B is going to make C would make D has made
16 Don't go and bother him. He _____in the room.
A writes B has written C is writing D has been writing
17 ___you ___?
A Do --marry B Have - married C Have --been married D Are --married
Tom: This is a terribly heavy box.
John: I ____you to carry it.
A will help B am going to help C had better to help D had rather help
19 She told me that her father _____to the post office when I arrived
A just went B has just gone C had just gone D had just been going
20 Don't get of f until the bus _____.
A stopped B will stop C will have stopped D stops
21 Peter said that he _____home the next day.
A was going to B will go C would go D had gone
22 He ____with us since he returned last month.
A lives B lived C had lived D has lived
23 They ___to help but could not get here in time.
A had wanted B have wanted C was wanting D want
24 They will go to work in the countryside when they ____school next year .
A will leave B will have leave C are leaving D leave
25 I didn't know when they ___again.
A came B were coming C had come D had been coming
26 The fence ____near the window.
A stand B is standing C have stood D stands
27 They _____here for more than a month.
A have arrived B have reached C have come D have been
28 We ___a meeting from 2 to 4 yesterday afternoon.
A had had B would have C were having D had
29 She told us she had met you in London last year. _____ you _____her since ?
A Had --met B Did --see C Would--meet D Have --seen
30 If it ____tomorrow, we won't go to the school farm.
A is to rain B will be raining C will rain D rains
31-___you ___to the 6:30 broadcast?
A Have--listened B Did --listen C Had -- listened D would --listen
32 I _____Tom has made a mistake.
A am thinking B shall think C think D have been thinking
33 I ___writing the article now.
A finish B is finishing C finished D have finished
34 When ____you___ to study English?
A have --begun B did --begin C had --begun D do -- begin
35He was taken into hospital last week. In fact he _____ill for three months.
A has been B has got C had fallen D had been
36 I'll look after your children after you _____.
A will go B will have gone C are gone D went
37 He __of how he could do more for the people .
A will always think B is always thinking C has always thought D does always think
38 The foreign friends _____here just now.
A left B have left C have been away from D had left
39 The teacher said that we ______ten lessons by the end of this term.
A should study B have studied C were going to study D should have studied
40 We __there when it_ ___to rain.
A were getting --would begin B were about to get --began
C had got --had begun D would get--began
41 Han's Christian Anderson __a lot of fairy tales.
A had written B wrote C was writing D has written
42 It _____ten years since he left Shanghai.
A was B is C had been D will be
43 We _____ about two thousand English words by the end of last term.
A learned B have learned C had learned D would learn
44Since when __you __so many young trees?
A have--planted B do --plant C did --plant D had --planted
45 It ___long before we celebrate the New Year's Day.
A isn't B hasn't been C wasn't D won't be
46 ------Where have you been?
------I _____to the railway station.
A have gone B have been C went D am going
47 I ____along the road when suddenly some patted me on the shoulder from behind.
A walked B had walked C was walking D would walk
48 My brother ___Tom quite well, they were introduced at a Party.
A is knowing B was knowing C knows D had been knowing
49 I didn't know a thing about the verbs, for I ____them.
A wouldn’t study B haven't studied C hadn't studied D wasn't studying
50 Don't be late, Mary, the train _____at 8 a.m.
A is starting B has started C would start D starts
51 There will come a day when the people of the whole country __a happy life .
A live B will live C will have lived D are living
52 If I had enough money, I ____a trip.
A took B would take C had taken D would have taken
53 My father, who died fifteen years ago, _____very kind to me.
A is B was C had been D would be
54 We _our seats till the party had begun.
A hadn't found B didn't find C haven't found D wouldn't fine
55 We _____that you would be able to visit us.
A hope B were hoping C have hoped D hoped
56 By 1914 Einstein ___world fame.
A gained B would gain C had gained D was gaining
57 The man put on his hat and _____away.
A had gone B would go C has gone D went
58 Comrade Wang ____the Party for about three years.
A has attended B has joined C has been in D has taken part in
59 -------______ you _____to New York?
-------Yes, I ______there three years ago.
A Have --been--went B Did --go --have been
C Have --gone --went D Have --been --had gone
60 she was praised for what she ____
A did B has done C would do D had done
61 The book _____on the floor for ten minutes, but no one has picked it up.
A is lying B has lain C has been lying D lay
62 The boy _____. A bullet _______through his chest on the left side
A had died --passed B died --had passed
C died passed D had died --had passed
63 It ____and the streets were still wet.
A had been raining B rained C has rained D would rain
64 If I ____when he comes, wake me up.
A sleep B will sleep C am sleeping D will be sleeping
65 Hardly ____the bell _____when the teacher came in.
A did --ring B would --ring C has--rung D had --rung
66 I ____from him so far.
A didn’t hear B don't hear C haven't heard D hadn't heard
67 The students went out before the bell ___.
A had rung B has rung C didn't ring D hadn't rung
68 It was two years since I ___with here.
A had dined B was dining C dined D had been dining
69 By this time next year, we _____all the land onto rice fields.
A had turned B will have turned C have turned D have been turning
70 What_____ you ______this time tomorrow morning?
A will--do B have--been doing C are--doing D will--be doing
71 In the past it ____people two years to go round the world.
A had taken B has taken C took D was taking
72 Great changed ____in my hometown in the past few years.
A were taken place B have been taken place
C took place D have taken place
73 His father _____several times during the war of liberation.
A had been wounded B was wounded C wounded D had wounded
74 This novel ____well.
A sells B is sold C will be sold D has been sold
75 _____ the new color film ____this year?
A Will--be shown B Did--show C Are--shown D Has--been shown
76 The work _____ in two days.
A has been finished B will finish C will be finished D are finished
77 I shouldn't trust him because he _____the police.
A is known by B knows C has known to D is known to
78 Thousands of people took part in the work when the Three Gorges project _____.
A would be built B was building C were being built D had been built
79 This sick man _____to hospital right away.
A must send B will send C ought be sent D must be sent
80 Do you know when the Chinese Communist Party _____?
A is found B found C has been founded D was founded
81 When I got to his home, I____ that he _____to Beijing.
A told --had gone B was told --went
C was told--had gone D told --had been
82 we _____to be careful of rats since the whole street was full of rubbish.
A warned B have warned C have been warned D were warning
83-__you __in the heavy rain last night?
A Were--caught B Did--catch C Had--been caught D Have--caught
84 How long _____the concert _____?
A has -been lasted B did--last C will --be lasted D was --lasted
85 when sugar ____ enough, a black substance appears.
A heats B is heated C will beat D will be heated
86 The fire of London _______on the right of September, 1666.
A was broken out B had broken out C broke out D broken out
87 The police __outside the ball in large numbers.
A have stationed B were stationed C stationed D has been stationed
88 -------Why does Mary look to be so sorry? -
------Because she ___by her classmates.
A has been laughed B has laughed at C was laughed D has been laughed at
89 English textbooks ______in that publishing house.
A were published B have been published C are published D had been published
90 The story ______, and everybody knows about it.
A has got round B got round C was got round D has been got round
91 She wondered what _____over here.
A has happened B was happened C had been happened D had happened
92 _____this dictionary _____to your brother?
A Does --belong B Is --belonged
C Has --been belonged D Is--belonging
93 During the illness of their mother, the children ____by a neighbor.
A took care of B were taken care
C were taken care of D have been taken care
94 For this he ____on twice.
A has operated B operated C had been operated D has been operated
95 Water ____into steam if it is heated to its boiling point.
A is going to be turned B will be turned C has been turned D is being turned
96 We’d better do our Christmas shopping. Time ___
A is running out B is run out C have been ran out D is running out of
答案
1BDABDDAABD 11CCADBCDACD 21CDADBDDCDD 31BCDBDCBADB
41BBCADBCCCD 51BBBBDCDCAD 61CBACDCAABD 71CDBAACDCDD
81CCABBCBDCA 91DACDBA
时 态
进行时态表示其他意义
英语中，“be+现在分词”构成进行时态，表示动作正在发生或进行，这是一条人所共知的语法规则，但是由于语言表达的灵活性，使这种结构也具有许多别的意义和用法。本文拟就这方面的问题作一初步探讨。
（1）运动动词 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start，set off及表示位置的动词 stay，remain等的进行时态表示将来时，通常指没有确定安排的决定或计划。如：
He is coming to New Jersey． 他打算到新泽西州来。
They are not going back to work until they get a rise． 他们要到加了薪水才复工。
现在这一使用范围已扩大到别的一些动词。表示最近将来的确定安排，但往往有一个表示未来时间的状语。如：
I'm seeing my guest off at the station tomorrow. 明天我要到车站为客人送行。
The court is hearing evidence this afternoon． 法庭今天下午听取证词。
（2）频度副词always，constantly，continually和forever等和进行时连用时，给现在或过去的动作披上一层感情色彩，并不强调动作在进行。
①表示讨厌、不满，带有埋怨情绪，指责某人一贯的行径。如:
He is forever boasting．他老爱说大话。
②表示赞许、高兴。带夸奖口吻，称赞对方的一贯表现。如：
You are always doing well．你总是干得很不错。
（3）某些瞬间动词如：hit，jump，kick，knock和see（看见）等的进行时可以表示动作的重复。如：
The child was jumping with joy．这孩子高兴得直跳。
I'm seeing a lot of Joan at the library． 我常在图书馆看见琼。
（4）用hope，find，want，wonder等的进行时态是一种婉转的说话语气，如是过去进行时形式则更显得客气、委婉。如：
We are hoping you will get well soon． 我们希望你很快康复。
What were you wanting？ 您想要点什么吗？
在问到一段时间怎么度过，过去进行时要比一般过去时有礼貌。
What were you doing before you came here？你来这儿之前做些什么工作？（这比What did you do…？听起来更有礼貌。）
（5）某些心态动词或情态动词的进行时表示“几乎”、“差一点”等含义。相当于nearly do/be on the point of doing…。如：
I'm forgetting（=nearly forget）that I promised to take you to Shanghai．
我差一点忘了我曾答应过要带你去上海的。
He was believing what the cheat said． 他差一点听信了那个骗子的话。
（6）进行时还可以表示动作的暂时性，并不是说话时在进行的动作。如：
My watch is working perfectly．我的表走得很准。（强调手表目前走得准，如果是说：My watch works perfectly．在于说明手表走得准这一优点。）
状态动词be的进行时态（be being）后面接行为形容词，如 brave，careful, stupid，clever，foolish，polite，kind和shy等时为主语所表现的非一贯性特点或故意的行为。如：
You are being very clever today． 你今天表现得很聪明。（表明这是例外。）
He is being polite． 他装模作样地客气起来了。（故意行为）。
（7）进行时态可以表示动作发展的过程，可接时间状语从句，但不接具体时间状语。如：
The wind was rising． 起风了。
I think the cat's going mad． 我认为那只猫发疯了。
（8）在一定场合和语气中，进行时态有否定意义。
You are telling me． 这事不用你说。（我早就知道了。）
You are wasting time! 别浪费时间了！（不耐烦了。）
（9）过去完成时还可表示到过去某段时间为止刚刚开始的动作。
By the time he was ten，Edison was already doing his experiments in Chemistry.
爱迪生十岁时，已经开始做化学实验了。
（10）用于描绘文字中，展现出生动的景象；或用来描述故事发生的背景，此时须用过去进行时并和一般过去时（仅为叙述）连用。
One car after another is speeding by on the freeway．在高速公路上车子穿梭般地一辆接一辆飞逝而过。
时态练习
1. The volleyball match will be put off if it____.(NMET91)
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
2. Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger. (NMET 91)
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
3.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____ . (NMET 92)
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked
C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
4.If city noises ____ from increasing, people ____ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.(NMET 92)
A. are not kept, will have to B. are not kept, have to
C. do not keep, will have to D. do not keep, have to
5.——Do you know our town at all ? (NMET 92)
——No, this is the first time I _____ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
6.The last time I _____ Jane, she ____ cotton in the fields. (NMET 92)
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked
C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
7.——We could have walked to the station, it was so near.(NMET 93)
——Yes, a taxi ______ at all necessary.
A. wasn't B. hadn't C. wouldn't be D. won't be
8.——How long ____ each other before they _____ married ? (NMET 93)
——For about a year.
A. have they known, get B. did they know, were going to get
C. do they know, are going to get D. had they known, got
9.My dictionary _____ , I have looked for it everywhere but still ___ it.(NMET 93)
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't found
C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found
10.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon.(NMET 93)
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
11.Tom ought not to ____ me your secrete, but he meant no harm. (NMET 93)
A. have told B. tell C. put D. passed
12.The pen I ___ I ___ is on my desk, right under my noise.(NMET 93)
A. think, lost B. thought, had lost C. think, had lost D. thought, have lost
13.——Can I join your club, Dad? (NMET 94)
——You can when you ___ a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
14.——I'm sorry to keep you waiting. (NMET 94)
——Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
15.How long has this bookshop been in business ?(NMET 94)
_______ 1982.
A. After B. In C. From D. Since
16.——Do you like the material? (NMET 94)
——Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
17.I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives. (NMET 94)
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will help out
18.——Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.(NMET 94)
——___________ .
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
19.I need one more stamp before my collection ______.(NMET 94)
A. has completed B. completed C. has been completed D. is completed
20.As she ____ the newspaper, Granny _____ asleep. (NMET 95)
A. read, was falling B. was reading, fell C. was reading, falling D. read, fell
21.You don't need to describe her. I _____ her several times. (NMET 95)
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
22.I don't think Jim saw me；he ______ into space.(NMET 95)
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
23.Where there ____ a will, there _____ a way.
A. is, will l B. is, is C. was, has been D. was, is
24.My father usually ___ up at seven every morning, then ___ to his office at eight.
A. got, goes B. gets, went C. gets, goes D. gets, will go
25.____ to have tea in the afternoon?
A. Would you like B. Do you like C. Won't you like D. Will you like
26.——Bob must be very wealthy.
——Yes, he ____ more in one day than I do in a week.
A. has been earned B. had earned C. earns D. has earned
27.We visit the health club all the _____.
A. evening B. day C. morning D. time
28.As a general rule,, snakes ____ unless offended.
A. have not bitten B. do not bite C. will not be biting D. are not biting
29.——When ____ again?
——When he ____, I'll let you know.
A. he comes, comes B. will he come, will come
C. he comes, will come D. will he come, comes
30.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ____.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
31.Do you think Sam will call his old teacher as soon as he ____ in town?
A. will be arrived B. is arrived C. arrives D. will arrive
32.I'll go with you as soon as I ____ my work.
A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. have finished
33.When ____ back?
A. did you come B. do you come C. have you come D. had you came
34.He ran out crying as soon as I ____ him the bad news.
A. told B. tell C. have told D. had told
35.Two years has passed since I ____ you the first time.
A. meet B. have met C. met D. had met
36.——Hadn't you graduated from college?
——Yes, ____.
A. I study French for two years B. I studied French for two years
C. I am studying French for two years D. I am studying French for two years
37.——Do you mean John?
——Yes, he ____ a note to me yesterday.
A. had written B. wrote C. was written D. writes
38.——Come on in, Peter, I want to show you something.
——Oh, how nice of you! I ____ you ____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think, are going B. never thought, were going
C. didn't think, were going D. hadn't thought, were going
39.Hello!I ____ you ____ in London. How long have you been here?
A. don't know, were B. hadn't known, are C. haven't known, are D. didn't know, were
40.——Who's that good-looking girl Frank's dancing with?
——I don't know, I ____ her before.
A. never had seen B. had never seen C. was never seeing D. never saw
41.It ____ every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has rained
42.——The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.
——I know. I heard about it. The river ____ the top of its bank.
A. has reached B. reaching C. had been reached D. has reached
43.——Did Mary come here and visit?
——She ____ twice since March 1969.
A. visited B. was visiting C. has visited D. visits
44.——Have you ever been anywhere even for a trip?
——I ____ to Long Island.
A. went B. have gone C. have never been D. have been
（Answers: BCAAB DAADB ABAAD CCBDB BBBCB CDBDB CCAAC BBBDB DACD）